Tackling the brachycephalic 'crisis'
Geneticist David Sargan speaking at BSAVA Congress.
A crisis is looming in brachycephalic dogs, not least because of the soaring popularity of certain breeds, warned geneticist David Sargan at BSAVA Congress this morning (6 April). But are they all bad? And how can we improve animal welfare?
It is well known that brachycephalic dogs such as pugs and bulldogs suffer a number of health issues that can be severe and painful. These include respiratory problems, regurgitation, sleep disruption, heat and exercise intolerance, tooth crowding, difficulty giving birth naturally, skeletal issues and problems with the eyes and skin.
Some of these traits are seen as 'cute' or 'funny' by members of the general public, or accepted as being 'typical of the breed'.
Whilst these problems have existed for some time, studies of skulls over the past few decades suggest muzzles in these breeds are getting shorter. Furthermore, the popularity of French bulldogs in particular has skyrocketed since 1995. Kennel Club registrations of French bulldog puppies soared to 31,000 last year, while the number of pugs and bulldogs rose to around 10,000 each.
In other words, there are nearly 20 times as many brachycephalics being registered now compared to 20 years ago.
According to research, Sargan says around 40 per cent of bulldogs suffer grade two brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), and nearly 45 per cent of French bulldogs and 55-60 per cent of pugs. Meanwhile, 17 per cent of pugs and 15 per cent of French and English bulldogs have grade three BOAS. Owner awareness of this issue is far lower, however.
Sargan suggests that the best way forward is firstly to educate the public and reduce popularity of these breeds, which is fuelled by their use in advertising and films, as well as celebrity owners. Other thoughts are to stop breeding brachycephalics, but it is highly unlikely the government would be able to implement or enforce such legislation.
Outcrossing with other breeds is a possibility, but Sargan warned that uptake with breeders may not be high if this significantly changes the behaviour or look of the breed. Other suggestions include health schemes based on exercise testing, changes to the breed standards and DNA testing.
Finally, Sargan stressed the importance of working with, not against breeders and owners, if improvements are to be made in these breeds.
Companies marketing medicines for small pets exempt from authorisation must submit their annual return to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) by 30 November 2026.
